ls – List Files and Directories: List the contents of a directory.
Example: ls -l

cd – Change Directory: Navigate to a different directory.
Example: cd /home/user/documents

pwd – Print Working Directory: Display the current directory’s full path.
Example: pwd

mkdir – Make Directory: Create a new directory.
Example: mkdir your_folder_name

rm – Remove: Delete files or directory.
Example: rm yourfile.txt

cp – Copy: Copy files or directories.
Example: cp file.txt /destination_folder

mv – Move: Move files or directories.
Example: mv file.txt /your_new_location

touch – Create Empty File: Create a new empty file.
Example: touch new_file.txt

cat – Concatenate and Display: View the content of a file.
Example: cat file.txt

nano – Text Editor: Open a text file for editing.
Example: nano file.txt

grep – Search Text: Search for text patterns in files.
Example: grep "pattern" file.txt

find – Search Files and Directories: Search for files and directories.
Example: find /path/to/search -name "file_name"

chmod – Change File Permissions: Modify file permissions.
Example: chmod 755 file.sh

chown – Change Ownership: Change the owner and group of a file or directory.
Example: chown user:group file.txt

ps – Process Status: Display running processes.
Example: ps aux

top – Monitor System Activity: Monitor system processes in real-time.
Example: top

kill – Terminate Processes: Terminate a process using its ID.
Example: kill PID

wget – Download Files: Download files from the internet.
Example: wget https://example.com/file.zip

curl – Transfer Data with URLs: Transfer data to or from a server.
Example: curl -O https://example.com/file.txt

tar – Archive and Extract: Create or extract compressed archive files.
Example: tar -czvf archive.tar.gz folder

ssh – Secure Shell: Connect to a remote server securely.
Example: ssh user@remote_host

scp – Securely Copy Files: Copy files between local and remote systems using SSH.
Example: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path

rsync – Remote Sync: Synchronize files and directories between systems.
Example: rsync -avz local_folder/ user@remote_host:remote_folder/

df – Disk Free Space: Display disk space usage.
Example: df -h

du – Disk Usage: Show the size of files and directories.
Example: du -sh /path/to/directory

ifconfig – Network Configuration: Display or configure network interfaces (deprecated, use ip).
Example: ifconfig

ip – IP Configuration: Manage IP addresses and network settings.
Example: ip addr show

netstat – Network Statistics: Display network connections and statistics (deprecated, use ss).
Example: netstat -tuln

systemctl – System Control: Manage system services using systems.
Example: systemctl start service_name

journalctl – Systemd Journal: View system logs using systemd’s journal.
Example: journalctl -u service_name

cron – Schedule Tasks: Manage scheduled tasks.
Example: crontab -e

at – Execute Commands Later: Run commands at a specified time.
Example: echo "command" | at 15:30

ping – Network Connectivity: Check network connectivity to a host.
Example: ping google.com

traceroute – Trace Route: Trace the route packets take to reach a host.
Example: traceroute google.com

curl – Check Website Connectivity: Check if a website is up.
Example: curl -Is https://example.com | head -n 1

dig – Domain Information Groper: Retrieve DNS information for a domain.
Example: dig example.com

hostname – Display or Set Hostname: Display or change the system’s hostname.
Example: hostname

who – Display Users: Display currently logged-in users.
Example: who

useradd – Add User: Create a new user account.
Example: useradd newuser

usermod – Modify User: Modify user account properties.
Example: usermod -aG groupname username

passwd – Change Password: Change user password.
Example: passwd username

sudo – Superuser Do: Execute commands as the superuser.
Example: sudo command

lsof – List Open Files: List open files and processes using them.
Example: lsof -i :port

nc – Netcat: Networking utility to read and write data across network connections.
Example: echo "Hello" | nc host port

scp – Secure Copy Between Hosts: Copy files securely between hosts.
Example: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path

sed – Stream Editor: Text manipulation using regex.
Example: sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt

awk – Text Processing: Pattern scanning and text processing.
Example: awk '{print $2}' file.txt

cut – Text Column Extraction: Extract specific columns from text.
Example: cut -d"," -f2 file.csv

sort – Sort Lines: Sort lines of text files.
Example: sort file.txt

diff – File Comparison: Compare two files and show differences.
Example: diff file1.txt file2.txt

wc – Count the word characters
Example: wc -l